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Alternating currents do not uniformly occupy the entire cross section of the conductor, rather inductance effect in the conductor deflects the current towards the surface of the conductor, whereby this deflection increases with the frequency.
The resistance attenuation of a transmission line increases with the frequency as a result of this skin effect. The skin depth (equivalent thickness of the layer in which current flows) can be determined using
The ratio between the value of the largest and the smallest voltages on a loss-free line is known as the ripple
or voltage standing wave ratio s (where 1 
m 1 
).
The reciprocal value of the VSWR is known as the inverse voltage standing wave ratio m (where 0 m 1).
(VSWR = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
The value of is linked with the => reflection coefficient r on s transmissionline according to the equation
| Measurement is according to DIN 41640 part 3 whereas all power contacts are connected in series. For test procedure - product no. 9024M8FCR14X90X has been equipped with 124C10069X and 9024M8MCR14X90X with 123C10069X | 
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